Tool Use And Behavior Of Wild And Captive Capuchins

Tool Use and Behavior of Wild and Captive Capuchins Introduction The capuchin monkeys are known as one of, if not the most intelligent monkeys of all New World species. They reside naturally in the forests of southern Mexico, the West Indies, and Central and South America, but can be found in zoos and captivity around the globe. Capuchins regularly eat fruits, insects, and nuts, and spend the majority of their day foraging for food. Capuchins travel and live in groups, residing in the treetops and canopy of the forest; however, the monkeys will travel along the forest floor as well. They have prehensile tails that are the same length as their body, have opposable thumbs, and primarily range from light to dark brown with white facial markings. Tool Use Among Wild Capuchins While reports of tool use in wild capuchins are moderately scarce, there is no doubt that tools play an important role in the capuchin lifestyle. The most common tool used amongst capuchins are stones, which predominantly aid in palm nut cracking and digging., Palm nuts and other enclosed foods have protective coatings surrounding the sustenance held inside. To break open and remove the outer shell, they place the palm nut onto a boulder or large flat stone, called anvils, and bang a smaller stone against the nut until cracking occurs. The stone has a hammer-like effect and is sufficient in cracking open palm nuts. Each of the capuchins crack palm nuts through various methods of efficiency, and is moreShow MoreRelatedWhat Are Capuchin Monkeys Are Well Known For Their Brains1309 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Capuchin Monkeys are well known for their brains, their intelligence is considered to be the most agile in all of the new world primates. They can be seen up in the trees of Central and South America. This is where their geological preference to live is, up high in trees and they are very superb at doing so. Their ability to survive is phenomenal despite all of the shortcomings that are all possible to face in the wild. From their unique fur colorization, their fur isRead MoreNotes On Capuchin Monkeys 1548 Words   |  7 PagesJessen 1 Megan Jessen Dr. Scully- Linder Anthropology 1 December 2014 Capuchin Monkeys 1) INTRODUCTION: Deep into the rainforests of Central and South America, beautiful New World primates knows as Capuchin monkeys swing from tree limb to tree limb. With their lean limbs and strong gripped opposable thumbs these monkeys can move up through the trees and can swing up to 9 feet through the air (Dewar). Capuchins are very adaptable, the environments they choose to live in can vary from humid, dry tropicalRead MoreThe Monkeys Are New World Monkeys1559 Words   |  7 PagesCapuchin monkeys are New World Monkeys, part of the subfamily cebinae. They predominantly live in Central and South America. To be more concise, they live in Neotropical forests, which includes swamp forests, flooded forests, and more. Usually these monkeys inhabit the center parts of the forest but will go anywhere from the top to the understory. Capuchin monkeys’ physical features are unique among New World Monkeys. Their lifespan is generally more than 50 years and their weight anywhere betweenRead MoreThe Monk eys Are One Of The Most Interesting Animals1841 Words   |  8 PagesI. INTRODUCTION Capuchin Monkeys are one of the most interesting animals in biological history. This is because they can provide answers for the way human beings behaved in the past. They have been known to share their food, use tools in a very practical way, have big brains, practice social conduct, treat some plants as medicine, practice alloparenting, and pursue vertebrae for food (Perry 2005, 507). Capuchin Monkeys are geographically distributed in the Americas. They are specifically found inRead MoreUniversity Of Georgia Behavior Program1771 Words   |  8 PagesCapuchin Monkeys 1) Introduction: Capuchin Monkeys are found in the neotropical forests of Central America. Animal Diversity Web states that the Capuchins have, one of the widest ranges of all New World Monkeys. Capuchin Monkeys are easily adaptable to many different habitats. They can live in a variety of forest types, both wet and dry. The University of Wisconsin Primate Research Center notes that, All Capuchins live in dense habitats. They are arboreal and usually sleep on a branch. ThisRead MoreBiological Anthropology740 Words   |  3 Pagesconducting research on primates in three main ways; field study, laboratory study, and through captivity. In captivity, they try to replicate natural primate habitat in a controlled captive setting. This is one of the most effective ways to study primates because scientists are able to watch how primates would normally act in the wild but they have continual access to them and the also the ability to control their environment. Lastly the social and cultural aspects of pri mates are studied heavily. For example

The Great Wall Of China - 1196 Words

Ancient History Speech Draft Good morning/afternoon. 8 MINUTES Rational – difficulties (finding info, particularly on the topic), why you picked the topic (always wondered about†¦. Fascinating†¦) my presentation includes modules of ________ so you can see the construction of _____ Today I am going to be presenting the Great Wall of China and what political and military reasons it was built for. The construction was a feat of great magnitude and reflected the innovations and technological advancements of the Ancient Chinese. The reason I have decided to focus upon the Ancient Chinese is because I find China a very interesting civilisation. The ancient Chinese civilisation began 7,000 to 8,000 years ago and about 2,500 years ago the civilisation was attacked by the Mongols. The Chinese Government decided to defend itself and so they built a very large wall across the northern Chinese mountains in the 7th century, so therefore 700B.C., and it is located north and northwest of Beijing. This wall is one of the most famous tourist attractions in China nowadays. The wall was built over 2000 years ago and was 5000km long! The Great Wall of China’s thickness ranges from 4.5m to 9m and is up to 7m tall. The wall was built along mountain ridges, across mountain passes, or across key transportation areas on flat land. The Great Wall was built from materials such as stone, soil, sand and bricks especially for the foundation of the wall. When the bricks were not available to use, theShow MoreRelatedThe Great Wall Of China1123 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Great Wall] demonstrates the manifestation of the wisdom and tenacity of the Chinese people.†(cortland.edu). China is considered one of the world’s oldest civilizations with the first dynasty beginning in 221 B.C.. A famous icon of this great civilization is the Great Wall of China, or known to the Chinese as Wan Li Chang Cheng. During the Warring States period, many feudal societies built their own sections for security. Eventually the walls were connected and there was a unified China. WithRead MoreThe Great Wall Of China1641 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Wall of China is known as the largest construction project to be put in effect in all of world history. The wall, also known in China as long wall of 10,000 li, is a collection of n umerous short walls extending along the crest of hills on the southern edge of the Mongolian plain. Although it is a common misconception that the Great Wall of China is one long continuous wall, it s structural inconsistency in no way undermines its greatness. The wall has been built, destructed, rebuiltRead MoreThe Great Wall Of China1266 Words   |  6 Pages The Great Wall of China James Allen World History 1st period February 1, 2015 The first unified Chinese empire was formed in 221 B.C., that was when seven states were brought together by Shi Huangdi, a conqueror from the state of Qin. Shi Huangdi means â€Å"first emperor.† Until the twentieth century all rulers of imperial China called themselves the emperor. The emperor was believed, by the people of China, to be the son of heaven, God-like. They believed that each ofRead MoreThe Great Wall Of China905 Words   |  4 Pages It has been said that the Great Wall of China is so immense that it can be seen from space with just the human eye. Unfortunately, that is simply a rumor and has been confirmed false. Nonetheless, the Great Wall of China is also the world’s longest wall and biggest piece of ancient architecture, which is still a pretty big deal. Its official length is about 13,170 miles long, more than four times the width of the United States. The wall crosses over ten provinces and cities, including QinghaiRead MoreThe Great Wall of China600 Words   |  3 PagesThe Great Wall of China is an assemblage of smaller walls built by various dynasties over many years. Builders erected these walls for protection from invasions by those from the north. The Great Wall itself, with a history lasting over 2000 years, measures approximately 5,500 miles in length, although some of the sections lie in ruin or have disappeared altogether. It is about 25 feet high and is 15-30 feet wide. It is the longest man-made structure in the world. In the 7th century B.C. the firstRead MoreThe Great Wall Of China2440 Words   |  10 Pagescollectively achieve the objectives. The Great Wall of China is an example of the history of the success goal of organization. Ming dynasty, Zhengtong Emperor has forced approximately 2 to 3 millions labor to build the defense wall to protect the empire and also border control that could encourage trade. With the Zhengtong Emperor led the organization of collective effort of the people, the result is 8851.8 kilometers of defense wall, with combined of previous built great wall is 21,196 kilometers, becomingRead MoreEssay on The Great Wall of China1270 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Wall of China is one of the greatest architectural achievements ever recorded in history. The Great Wall translates to â€Å"long fortress.† The wall was made entirely by hand. It was built to protect the Chinese from intruders from different Nomadic Tribes. The wall is about 5,500 miles long. The wall did not stretch across all of China but it stretched from Shanhaiguan in the East to Lop Nur in the West. Some people say that you can even see the wall from the moon! Wouldn’t that be somethingRead More The Great Wall of China Essay2903 Words   |  12 PagesThe Great Wall of China To the northwest and north of Beijing, a huge, serrated wall zigzags its way to the east and west along the undulating mountains. This is the Great Wall, which is said to be visible from the moon. This massive wall has not only been one of the Ancient Seven Wonders of the World, but it has also been inspiration for many artists, and writers. The building of the Great Wall is one of the biggest tragedies, but through this tragedy arose triumph with the wall, being soRead MoreGreat Wall of China Essay example1375 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Wall of China stretches about 5,500 miles long crossing deserts, mountains, grasslands, and plateaus. It took more than 2,000 years to build this incredible manmade structure. Many people died to build this wall. It displays the changes between the agricultural and nomadic civilizations. It proves that the superb structure was very important to military defense. It became a national symbol of the Chinese as a security for their country and its p eople. The Great Wall of China must be preservedRead MoreGreat Wall of China Report Essay2063 Words   |  9 PagesThe Great Wall of China The Great Wall of China is truly one of the greatest architectural achievements in recorded history. The longest structure ever built, it is about 6,700 kilometers (4,163 miles) long and made entirely by hand. This wall is said to be visible from the moon. It crosses Northern China, from the East coast to Central China (Karls, 1). This massive wall is not only one of the ancient wonders of the world, but it also has been the inspiration of many writers and artists. With

According To The Visa Policy Of Australia †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The According To The Visa Policy Of Australia? Answer: Introducation According to the Visa Policy of Australia, there is a need to deal with the different requirements where the foreign national wishing is mainly to enter Australia to meet and obtain a visa on a permit to travel, enter and remain the country. Visa rules are as per the Migration Act 1958 and the Migration Regulations under the instrument of Migration IMMI 17/072 Specifications of Occupations Assessing Authorities Instrument, 2017. Every non-citizen should maintain a universal visa regime which is important for the non-citizen in Australia to enter into the country. Aysel has the liability to get the approval for stay in Australia and can get the immigration. The spouse need to sponsor for the time of two years. If the relationship is observed to be genuine and continuing, Aysel has the liability to become the permanent resident in Australia. Both the people should be legally married where it is important to be in relationship with spouse for the time of 12 months which clearly shows t hat the couple has a strong bond. This will help in giving the written notice with the intention to marry to the authorised celebrant in a particular frame of time. [1]Once a couple is married, the there is a need to sign three marriage certificates. The certificates need to be signed where the celebrants and the witness (mainly two) should be there. The different instruments which are under the Migration Regulations1994, are regulation 1.03, sub regulation 1.15(1), sub regulation 2.26B (1), subitem 1137(4C) of Schedule 1; item 4 of the table in subitem of 1138(4) of schedule 1. The regulation 5.17 (a) of the Regulation focus on providing the purpose of paragraph 5(2)(b) of the Act which deals mainly about whether the person knowns the English or not. The evidence is specific based on how the instruments in writing is prescribed for the same. The instrument is made under the regulation of 5.17 of the Migration Regulations 1994. Here, the requirement of the instrument is to focus on the qualifications of the English of Asley, include the references that are in Regulation 5.17 to Part 3 of Schedule 6 which have been able to repeat the part of the implementation of skill select. The operations are also to specify the qualifications or the experience which are important for the living in Australia. The pursuant to section 18 of the Legislative Instruments Act 2003, includes the minor or the machinery nature with altering the existing arrangements. Under section 44, the instrument is exempted from any disallowance and so exempted from Human Rights Statement of Compatibility as well. As per the announcements on 20 April 2017, the Australia Government has announced about the strengthening of the requirements mainly for becoming the Australian citizen. [2] Aysel can also add Mekel who is 16 years of age under the application for becoming the permanent resident of the country. Children under the 16 years of age do not require to meet any of the resident requirements. According to section 590.6 conditions, conditions 8101, 8201, 8501, 8516, 8534, 8537 and 8538 as well Aysel is Mekel parent who is a widow and have enough money to support her child. She is also more than 21 years of age; hence, she has the liability to easily stay up to the time of 5 years. So, there will be no problems as she can marry Dennis after one year, by learning and knowing him in a better manner.[3] Even know Aysel has come on student guardianship, under the subclass 300 prospective marriage could be possible as Dennis is the resident of Australia (Section 300.211 (a)) and the parties intend to marry. The subclass (2) applies to the applicant who holds the subclass 303 (Emergency Temporary Visa Applicant) visa. It includes the satisfaction of criteria 8515, 8519, 8502, 8520. Under the Migration Regulations 1994, the cognitive sub regulation of 2.07(5) includes the subclass items of 117 and subclass 837. This is revoked under the instrument number IMMI 11/014 (F2011L00454) which was signed on 27th April 2009. The requirements of the Orphan Relative Visa include the children who are below 18 years of age and the parent is not able to handle the child, due to death etc. It allows the child, then to live in Australia and become its permanent resident. Instrument IMMI12/116 lists the acceptable forms of the evidences which can be provided with support of a non-judicial family violence claim. The visa for the Orphan Relative will make Mekel a permanent resident of Australian and ask him to live permanently here. The responsibilities include for both the sponsor (Hassan) and child (Mekel) where for Hassan, he needs to focus on how he and his family is going to be included in the application and who are going to migrate with the child. If the visa is granted, th en the sponsor should be provided with the child support which includes a proper accommodation and the better financial services from Hassan so that the child is able to meet all the reasonable needs at the time of first two years in Australia.[4] This is set under the items 1108,1108A and 1211. The Item 1108 is the child migrant under the subclass of 101 (child), subclass 102(adoption) and subclass 117 (Orphan relative). The item 1108A is the child resident with class BT where the subclass is 802 (child) and subclass 837 (Orphan Relative). For Mekel, there is a possibility to lodge a complete application which includes the different application forms and the other supporting documentation for the different application charges. The sponsor (Hassan) should be able to lodge the application mainly on behalf of the child. Hassan, being the permanent resident in Australia has the capability to easily handle the expenses of Mekel and assures the child to take care of him in future as well . The visa requirements would only be the sponsorship where the child (Mekel) would be the orphan relative where both parents are not able to look after the child. The child is single and is also not married or in any relationship as well. There are certain limitations of the sponsorship and the best interests of the child. The sponsor or the sponsors spouse has a conviction for the outstanding charge for the offence against the child. The applicant will also require satisfying all the different requirements with the best interests and the possibilities of Mekel. In Australia, there is a possibility that the people under 18 years of age have the right to access with the sponsor working on assessing the applications and the best interests when related to the requirements of the child. [5]If the sponsor Hassan, has spent the time of total 12 months or more in Australia, then Hassan has to provide with the AFP National Police Check as well where they are able to provide with all the po lice certificates from each country where they have spent their 12 months or more than 10 years in the last. The other option could beAdoption Visa (Permanent) (Subclass 102) where the visa allows the child can come to Australia to live with the adopted parents. The eligibility is that the child must be adopted or in the process of adopting. The stay length, in this case, will be permanent. To hold the eligibility in this case, the adoptive parent (Hassan) will have to lodge the application on behalf of Mekel. With this visa, Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Cooperation in Respect to Intercountry Adoption(Hague Convention) or through a bilateral arrangement includes the proper arranemet with the overseas adoption which is undertaken by Australians. With this, he has the liability that the child, being younger than 18 years of age, working on the adoption or the adopted process in Australia, meet all the health and the character requirements. With Adoption visa (Subclass 102), it will let the child come to Australia to live with Hassan. This will become the permanent residence visa for him, where the adoption is mainly through the state or the territory adoption authority, where Hassan can lodge the application before the adoption is finalised. From 14 December 2015, the Department has been not able to accept the adoption applications for the students for the children who have been from Pakistan. The country specifications are different for different countries. With this, the adoptive parent must have also done one of the following things: Adoption of the child with the involvement of the Australian state or the territories adoption Authority which Hassan has done, in the present case. The Adoption of the child is under The Hague Adoption Convention. There are different privileges of visa to provide one with the rights in Australia and work on the visa avenue charges, which includes the medical examination, police check and the certification with proper translation of the docs. This depends on certifying the person and the different number of the copies which are certified. [6]With this, the medical examination is important to be paid directly to the doctor for conducting the different tests and the medical examination. To correspond to the authorities with the respective countries, one has to live for a time of more than 6/12 months depending upon the visa subclass. With the adoption visa, Mekel, will have the liability to travel and stay alone in Australia as well, work and study, enrol in Medicare and work on the schemes for the health-related care and expenses. With this, he has the liability to travel to and for from Australia for the time of 5 years from the data the visa is granted. Through this, there is a guardianship of the children that is adopted from overseas. References Aleinikoff, T. Alexander, and Douglas Klusmeyer, eds.From migrants to citizens: Membership in a changing world. (Brookings Institution Press, 2013.) Border.gov.au. Visa support. Available at: https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa. Brettell, C.B. and Hollifield, J.F. eds. Migration theory: Talking across disciplines. Routledge. Clayton, Gina.Textbook on immigration and asylum law. Oxford University Press, 2016. Markus, Andrew. "Australias Immigrants: Identity and Citizenship."Citizenship in Transnational Perspective: (Australia, Canada, and New Zealand2017: 225.) Markus, Andrew. "Contemporary Australian Attitudes to Immigration." InCreating Social Cohesion in an Interdependent World, pp. 81-93. (Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016.) Newman, L., Proctor, N. and Dudley, M. Seeking asylum in Australia: immigration detention, human rights and mental health care.(Australasian Psychiatry,21(4), pp.315-320., 2013) [1] Newman, L., Proctor, N. and Dudley, M., 2013. Seeking asylum in Australia: immigration detention, human rights and mental health care.Australasian Psychiatry,21(4), pp.315-320. [2] Clayton, Gina.Textbook on immigration and asylum law. Oxford University Press, 2016. [3] Brettell, C.B. and Hollifield, J.F. eds., 2014.Migration theory: Talking across disciplines. Routledge. [4] Border.gov.au. Visa support. [online] Available at: https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa [Accessed 10 Sep. 2017]. [5] Markus, Andrew. "Australias Immigrants: Identity and Citizenship."Citizenship in Transnational Perspective: Australia, Canada, and New Zealand(2017): 225. [6] Markus, Andrew. "Contemporary Australian Attitudes to Immigration." InCreating Social Cohesion in an Interdependent World, pp. 81-93. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016.

Valedictory Speech free essay sample

And I, Sanjana Khanter am here to express this heartfelt gratitude on behalf of my fellow batchmates who’re sitting down there, each looking gorgeous in their chosen hues. To begin with, I’d like to thank God devoid of whom, none of us would be here. It is said that it is not the years in a man’s life that matter, but it is the life in his years. This is a bitter sweet moment for us students of Std12. Looking back on the 14 years of school life, is like viewing the ever changing patterns of a kaleidescope, in glorious technicolour- each memory breathtakingly alluring and matchless. These memories would be incomplete lacking the consistent and unvarying support of our altruistic Principal who never stumbled, never gave up on any of us, who realized that every venture begins with a single vestige. Sometimes she’s invigorated us to run and sometimes she has needed to hold in the reins yet all the while, Ma’am you’ve relentlessly and incessantly encouraged us onward, culminating in what we are today. We will write a custom essay sample on Valedictory Speech or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Our Correspondent who is so welcoming and charming has always inspired an interest in us to emulate her characteristics. Ma’am, you’re a momentous part of Ewart and you’ll never be forgotten. We thank you for the various stories you’ve narrarted which taught us the true spirit and worth of life. Our vice prinicipals are no far. Remember how we’ve begged them to come along to represent our desires to the Principal ? And how â€Å"willingly† they’ve obliged. We can’t thank you enough for all your support. I remember one of them had said to me, â€Å"Do not go where the path may lead; instead, go where there is no path and leave a trail. † I promise to follow your advice Ma’am. How can I forget our teachers and their constant smile whenever they see any of us and who,from an early age have taught us that the tenets of simple living and high thinking will always hold us in good stead. My dear teachers, turning the clock back in time, I don’t remember much as I left my mother’s hand to hold on to yours, but, today, I stand to proclaim that in holding your hands all these years, I feel secure. I’ve learnt life’s lessons, I realise that I am blessed to have had the privelege to learn much more than what the text books read from each one of you. I wish to say thank you, not sure I can translate all my gratitude into words. As our tryst with Ewart draws to an end, we request you to uphold us in your prayers, as we take our first apprehensive step into the unknown and slightly scary place called â€Å"The world†. I also would want to thank the contingent staff who have provided us with books, chalks, even rubber bands all the years through. Not to forget to mention, our dear Supervisor anna. I wonder how his jaws don’t hurt smiling, all through the day. Our schooling wouldn’t have been as comfortable as it was without the ayyas and bus conductors. Remember how in the fourth and fifth, we’ve tried to deceive the watchmen and run away from school before the usual hours and how in eleventh and twelveth, they’ve literally begged us to stop chatting and go home ? Oh ! What times, we’ve had. Also how many times has the peon asked us not to traverse through the office but don’t know why, we’ve always wanted to go that way but his patience never ended. Ewart will always be remembered for it’s enticing and enthusiastic sports days which would’ve been naught without our games teachers. I’ve always seen her with a book or a paper whenever I’ve entered the library. I hope that no matter how busy we may be in future, the wonderful habit of reading will always persist, all thanks to our librarian. Quoting Dr. Karl Menninger, â€Å"What’s done to children, they do to society. † We are like wet cement bearing the impressions of what is engraved on us and there is no doubt that what is engraved by Ewart, is beautiful. Our morning assemblies, scripture classes and torch-bearers sessions have imbibed in us the importance of spirituality. The various quizzes and debates, intra-murals and sports day, where numerous talents unfolded, will always be missed and what better way than rewarding the winners on annual day. I can never forget dramatics and Pastiche where inspite of the numerous break sessions which were longer than the practice sessions, whatever we put up was somehow not a mess. Patriotism runs through us and Ewart would never miss days like Independence Day and Republic Day to imbibe this feeling into us. The various teachers’ days where we’ve danced and done what not to impress our teachers and the children’s days where we’ve seen our teachers in their colourful avatars to impress us. Every stairwell, every hallway, every classroom has a story to tell. All that you have taught me, Ewart, strangely proves insufficient today to express how grateful I am to you. You’ve placed me on sturdy ground. You’ve given me wings to soar high and explore the sky. I don’t know what I’m going to miss more, the campus or more specifically the canteen – The Absolute Best surpassing the other hot spot hang-outs. Yes, â€Å"All roads in Ewart do lead, to the canteen†. Hanging out at whenever possible, stealing chocolates from each others pockets, the pepsi and water fights, betting over silly things and bugging friends for birthday treats – can we relive those moments ? The three best periods, we call them. Drill, art and needle work during which all we would’ve done is the tik tik 1 to 10 during name-place-animal-thing, yelling bingo, or playing â€Å"oh pillar catterpillar† also â€Å"fire in the mountain, run, run, run. † And now coming to the most vital part of school. US ! How can school life be replete without that one close confidante, that group to hang out with, that â€Å"healthy† rivalry or even the â€Å"occasional† gossip! Every chat, every excursion, every mid-night call during exams takes its place in memory. Those freindship days, bands, cards, nothing can beat the excitement. Those punishments we received, those unwritten tests, those ribbons and polished shoe checking sessions in the assembly will forever be in our hearts. Maya Angelou said, â€Å"But nobody, no nobody can make it out here alone† and I think my fellow mates will agree with me when I say that this moment would not have been possible for each of us without strong support systems. Friends- whose lives have enriched mine, whose hearts have reached out to me in times of need and whose friendship I cherish. I am indebted to your loyalty that gave me a sense of security and oneness as we strived. We laughed; we cried; we were angry; we were sad; we ran; we fell; we danced; we sang; we fought; we made up but WE WERE ALL IN THIS TOGETHER. The moment to venture on our own into the â€Å"real world† and truly pursue our passions has finally come. No longer can you wail to get attention or slobber yourself with glue but have to adhere to rules and regulations and maintain decorum. Today, we do not just look back – we also look forward – doubtless with a hint of trepidation but definitely with a sense of exhileration. We are facing adventure – and thanks to our alma mater, we will face it with courage and faith in God, eager to love and ready to serve. Mahatma Gandhi once said, â€Å"Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever. † Don’t wait until tomorrow to do what you can do today; sometimes taking the road less travelled leads to unexpected opportunities and memorable experiences. But never forget to maintain the curiosity of a child and embrace opportunities that will broaden or challenge your perspectives. On your road to new adventures and endeavors, never forget to follow the Golden Rule of life and treat others as you would like to be treated. Perhaps, unaware to you, your smile, kind gesture, or encouraging words can give someone that extra boost they needed. My dear friends, I would like to leave you with these thoughts. Nothing is ever handed to you in life. The accomplishment of your dreams and goals is only possible through dedication, passion, and effort. Don’t ever become easily discouraged, believe in yourself and your dreams, stay determined in the face of adversity, and never let your fears hold you back. I truly believe that everything that happens, happens for a reason and while you may not fully understand circumstances or turn of events right away, in time you will ‘cause Browing has said, â€Å"The best is yet to be†.

Using however - Emphasis

Using however Using however ‘However’ is a useful word, however you look at it. [Sorry – Ed.] But readers of our e-bulletin, Write Away, often ask us to clarify the right ways to use it. However we can help, say we. Meaning ‘but’ The most common way of using ‘however’ is to mean ‘but’. This usually comes at the beginning of a sentence, and is followed by a comma. The calendar claimed the month was May. However, the temperature felt more like November. For this use, it’s also correct to put it in the middle of the sentence, with commas either side. It was May. It was, however, very nippy. Or you can put it at the end, after a comma. I am normally wearing shorts by this time of year. I’m afraid of pneumonia, however. But it is wrong to use ‘however’ between two parts of a sentence that make sense by themselves. I look forward to this time of year, however today I have goosebumps is grammatically incorrect. You can use ‘but’ here instead, because it is a conjunction (or joining word). ‘However’ is not a conjunction when it means ‘but’. I look forward to this time of year. However, today I have goosebumps is grammatically correct. Meaning ‘no matter how’ Another, less common, meaning for ‘however’ is ‘no matter how’. You can use it in the middle of a sentence without a comma after it. I couldn’t bring myself to give up my thermal vest, however tired I was of being teased for it. You can also put it at the beginning of your sentence, without a comma afterwards. However you like me to dress, I’ll do the opposite. Be wary of not accidentally putting a comma after ‘however’ in this instance, or you could end up saying something quite different. However, you like me to dress, I’ll do the opposite. [Note: if you do ever want to assert that, while there are people who prefer you clothed, you will always choose to defy them, then that second comma should really be a semi-colon. Or a full stop.] Meaning ‘in whatever way’ In this form ‘however’ can be at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence, with no punctuation around it. I’m kidding. I’ll dress however you’d like me to. It’s your mum’s birthday party. How do I want to travel to Hawaii? However you want. You’re paying. Alternatives When you’re writing a long document, and you need to link from one paragraph to another, it’s easy to fall into the trap of over-using ‘however’ (meaning ‘but’). Here are some good alternatives to keep your writing varied and fresh:         Nevertheless         On the other hand         But         Yet         Despite         In contrast/comparison. If you’re ever in doubt about how to use a particular word, or if you have any other business writing questions, our free 64-page guide to better writing The Write Stuff will help. Click here to download your free copy.

3 Sentences with Dangling Modifiers

3 Sentences with Dangling Modifiers 3 Sentences with Dangling Modifiers 3 Sentences with Dangling Modifiers By Mark Nichol Coming from my inexhaustible supply of dangling modifiers, you will find this post a helpful exercise in how to spot this type of error. That lead sentence, of course, contains a dangling modifier, a phrase providing additional information about a sentence’s subject that does not associate directly with the subject. In this case, because the subject is you, the implication is that you, dear reader, rather than the contents of this post, are coming from the stated source. The sentence is better presented as follows: â€Å"You will find this post, coming from my inexhaustible supply of dangling modifiers, a helpful exercise in how to spot this type of error.† Here are a few sentences with the same class of mistake, followed by my suggested solutions: 1. â€Å"As the only one with a Muslim-sounding name in class, people turned to her on questions about Islam. This sentence refers to â€Å"people† representing a heretofore unmentioned individual’s classmates rather than that person, as â€Å"the only one with a Muslim-sounding name in class,† so the initial modifying phrase should be revised to clearly identify the person consulted as described: â€Å"Because she was the only person in the class with a Muslim-sounding name, people turned to her on questions about Islam. (Also, the statement contains not only a dangling modifier but also a misplaced modifier two distinct phenomena: The positioning of â€Å"in class† is not incorrect, but the phrase is best relocated earlier in the sentence, as I have done in my revision.) However, the person could also be explicitly introduced as the subject of the sentence: â€Å"As the only person in class with a Muslim-sounding name, she was the one people turned to on questions about Islam.† 2. â€Å"After leaving Chez Fez, this chef’s culinary talents have reached the highest level at his new restaurant.† The implication in this sentence, as constructed, is that the chef’s culinary talents somehow detached themselves from his being and found their zenith elsewhere. To reflect the writer’s true meaning, the modifier could be revised to refer to the actual subject (with an additional replacement of after with since): â€Å"Since this chef left Chez Fez, his culinary talents have reached the highest level at his new restaurant.† Alternatively, the subject of the sentence must be unequivocally altered to refer to the chef himself, not his talents, which did leave his previous place of employment but did so as part of him: â€Å"Since leaving Chez Fez, this chef has found that his culinary talents have reached the highest level at his new restaurant.† 3. â€Å"As the foundation of Western civilization, learning about ancient Greece provides students a solid grounding in many of the philosophies that shape modern life and thought in the Western world.† It is not learning about ancient Greece but ancient Greece itself that should be posited as the foundation of Western civilization. Begin the sentence with the reference to ancient Greece: â€Å"Ancient Greece is the foundation of Western civilization, and learning about it provides students a solid grounding in many of the philosophies that shape modern life and thought in the Western world.† Another option is to begin with the participial phrase â€Å"Learning about ancient Greece† and making the phrase â€Å"as the foundation of Western civilization† an interspersed parenthetical: â€Å"Learning about ancient Greece, the foundation of Western civilization, provides students a solid grounding in many of the philosophies that shape modern life and thought in the Western world.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to use "on" and when to use "in"Social vs. Societal7 Sound Techniques for Effective Writing

Analysis of Economic Articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis of Economic Articles - Essay Example 2. If chemical companies set their plants in the U.S., the more than production and marketing costs could be minimized, especially if the target market is within the U.S. or nearby countries. In so doing, there is a possibility that trade relationships between the U.S. and EU with regards to shale gas or other alternative energy sources would be minimized. Looking at this perspective, it would be more beneficial to the U.S. since shale prices would be significantly minimized; while this would be detrimental to the EU for diminishing trade and export to US markets. 3. The boom of production of natural gas in the US is seen to negatively impact EU, especially those countries identified to previous export shale gas to the US market. With more chemical companies opting to explore the potentials in the US, the EU economy could be foreseen to worsen due to the negative impact of lesser exports and potential reliance or dependence on the Russians as a supplier of natural gas (Torello). 1. The current status of the U.S. economy significantly affects global trade in terms of contributing to increases in exports or imports, as continually affected by external forces. As such, it was evident in the article that the U.S. economy is not the contributory steering force that shapes the global economy, but rather, economic developments in both China and South Korea could be the dominant influencing factor. 2. The role of the Federal Bank in the U.S. in enhancing economic growth and allowing country developments remains paramount through the provision of financial support that is instrumental for global trade.  

Persuasive Speech-Problem & Solution Design Essay

Persuasive Speech-Problem & Solution Design - Essay Example Marriage is typically defined as the uniting of two people of the age of majority of their own free will and volition. In this way, regardless of culture contractual unions (often referred to as marriage) are recognized by the law of the state in every nation on the face of the planet. Child marriage is a situation where children are subjected to matrimony before they have achieved the legal marriage age. In the Middle East nearly half of Yemeni girls are married before they reach eighteen years of age. In some instances, marriages occur even before the tender age of 8. The law in Yemen set the minimum age at one that is approved for marriage to be 15 years; however, traditional customs more often than not continuously flout this law. 1. This is due in part to the fact that the law was continually interpreted differently by different individuals, the laws was changed in 1999 to allow marriage only after the point in time in which a girl reached the age of puberty. However, the issue with the change in the law meant that many tribal elders interpreted puberty to be as early as the age of 9. In the actual practice, it can be said that the law in Yemen allows women of any age to be able to wed, but it is forbidden to practice sex with them until they achieve the age where it is now considered suitable to do so. 2. The law was later to be raised from the minimum age of marriage to be 18 years after a girl, Nujood Ali, 10 years of age, in April 2008 was able to be granted divorce successfully after being raped under the set circumstances. Much later in 2008, a council for maternal care and childhood established a proposal for the minimum age to be defined at 18 years and was passed as law in April 2009. However, this law was to be dropped the very next day after maneuvers by parliamentarians opposed to it, and negotiations are still ongoing for the legislation to be

Speech example Essay Example for Free

Speech example Essay An important timeless idea in The Shawshank Redemption directed by Frank Darabont, is hope. The film demonstrates how hope is so significant in life. Frank Darabont indicates the idea that hope is still important in our lives because having or lacking in hope, affects people personally, nationally and worldwide. The film techniques; narration/dialogue, symbolism and lighting were used by the director to enhance this important idea of hope. Through these film techniques the director helps the viewer think about how having or lacking hope can affect our lives and helps the viewer conclude that having hope, â€Å"is a good thing†, Andy Dufresnes conclusion as well. During the closing scene when Red finds and reads Andy’s letter, Dialogue is used as a film technique to portray the inspiring idea of hope. Dialogue helps create the effect of encouragement and comfort. Andy’s letter to Red says, â€Å"Remember Red, hope is a good thing, maybe the best of things, and no good thing ever dies.† This use of dialogue is heart felt advice from someone who has experienced great hardship. Andy believes that hope is not only ever lasting; it is also the greatest possibility to aspire towards. This dialogue helped me understand the timeless idea of hope because Andy in his letter accurately writes that hope is a good thing and that good things never die (timeless/generation). Those who have the ability and the willpower to hope are those who will be redeemed. The technique of Symbolism that the director uses effectively portrays the idea of hope, through the poster of Rita Hayworth pinned to Andy’s cell wall. The poster of Rita Hayworth represents the door to freedom and Andy’s desire to escape to a normal life. The poster of Rita Hayworth not only conceals the chiselled hole but also symbolizes life outside of the prison and the hope of a normal life again. For example Rita Hayworth was one of the most popular actresses of that time desired and admired by millions of people. She represents the outside world and the American dream. Rita Hayworth helped me understand the timeless idea of hope because as an attractive famous woman she instils hope for those without hope especially Andy who is imprisoned. Often people (no matter what generation) who are  without hope find comfort in a known person. In Andy’s case his desire towards Hayworth parallels his desire to escape. Reminders of the outside world have comforted t hroughout time. Paul in the bible who was also imprisoned sought comfort in the disciples. The last technique used to emphasize the idea of hope is lighting. The director uses lighting to reveal the hopelessness of life within Shawshank prison. When Andy first arrives at the gates of Shawshank prison, the light is bright and natural. This lighting represents Andy’s last glimpse of the outside world, that of freedom. As Andy walks into the main door of Shawshank prison, the light rapidly fades into darkness. This use of fading light displays how dark and ominous Shawshank prison is, and contrasts the outside world. This scene also suggests it is the beginning of Andy’s personal hope descending. For example the dim lighting reflects Andy’s mood as he enters the prison. The emotion on his face is sadness, fear, disappointment and grief. This suggests Andy’s spiral into hopelessness. Frank Darabont helps the audience understand the lack of hope is relevant throughout time because most prisoners would feel a degree of despair knowing they are no long er free people and furthermore if they are innocent like Andy the misery and disbelief would be even more traumatic. Hope is the driving force to happiness and freedom. Without hope we will not be able to overcome great difficulty particularly when all odds are against us. The director Frank Darabont has shown us through the character Andy that his hope is intangible and unbreakable.

Training Skips Effective Techniques of Teaching :: essays papers

Training Skips Effective Techniques of Teaching â€Å"U.S. Educators’ Training Skips Effective Techniques of Teaching†: Article Review The article, U.S. Educators’ Training Skips Effective Techniques of Teaching, states that teachers in the United States have not been sufficiently trained on the details of beneficial teaching techniques. According to a study done by James W. Stigler, the United States’ teaching styles are drastically different than those of other countries. For example, Stigler found that teachers in America focus their math lessons primarily on rote learning and repetitive drills. On the other hand, in Japan teachers let the students make mistakes in hopes that these mistakes will later help them understand the problem and the reasoning behind it. The article also explains how teachers in the United States tend to stay isolated in their room and do not share or discuss their teaching techniques and experiences with each other in order to seem unintrusive. In Japan, the teachers often form teams to create lessons and share ideas while also clustering all their desks into one room. A t hird example of the differences among American schools compared to schools in other countries is the teacher’s main topics of discussion concerning their students. In America teachers tend to discuss student discipline instead of instruction, while in Japan, discussion focuses on different ways to teach lessons and concepts. This article states how American teachers need to work collaboratively and share their knowledge with their colleagues in order to help our students. I agree with this article when it states that â€Å"†¦[the U.S.] needs to create a culture in which teachers examine the way they teach and how they can better achieve their own goals. I feel that this article gave some good examples on how American schools need to improve their teaching techniques to help the students. While it is important to teach students the process of a math problem, for example, it is also just as important to teach them the underlying concept for the problem. Children need to be able to experiment and discover for themselves what math concepts mean in order to own and understand the information or skill. If students are not taught reasons for why they are learning something, they will not be interested. I also believe that discussions between teachers should focus on sharing their techniques and instructional ideas with each other rather than on discipline and logistics.

Decision Driven Organisation

The Decision-Driven Organization Harvard Business Review – June 2010 The subject discussed in the article â€Å"Decision–Driven Organization† is that structural reorganizations should be done based on the decisions that matter the most to the organization instead of the goals that the organization is trying to reach. The coauthors stressed on how important this issue is and that it should be taken into consideration by organizations while preparing for reorganization since.As shown in the examples provided, a lot of companies went through structural changes for the wrong reasons aiming at a better performance and ended up decreasing it instead of increasing it. On the other hand, the examples about decision-driven reorganization had better results in improving the company’s performance.The coauthors focused in specific on the reasons why reorganization should be done around the set of critical decisions for an organization and supported it with examples an d surveys about reputed companies showing that reorganizations around goals failed in view of the facts that it ignored the decision making process and that performance and structure don’t have a strong relationship. The arguments that the authors used to demonstrate his point are the performance and the importance of decisions.As per the coauthors, the main goal of all reorganization is to reach better performance. What the managers fail to see is, that the performance of an organization is not only determined by the organization’s structure; as shown by the examples provided in this article, sometimes changing the structure to meet a certain goal can slow the decision making and create problems rather than help solve them which results in a poor performance.The methodology used in this point is very convincing especially that it shows the result of a survey conducted on a large amount of organizations worldwide, and the coauthors added a short test to give the reader s the ability to compare the result of their organization to the result of those who were subject to the survey. The coauthors also debated the fact that using a SWOT analysis is not the right tool to be used while starting reorganization and suggested to start it with decision audit instead; a decision audit is done by considering two types of critical decisions, big decisions which have separately a major impact and small decisions which have altogether an important impact; and then, if and only if reorganization is necessary it should be applied where the decisions matter the most. The authors also supported this suggestion with an actual example dated from 2006 which strengthened their point.Each suggestion in the decision audit was supported with an example which attracted the reader towards using this strategy. Another tool used by the coauthors to help the readers rethink twice before reorganizing a company is a small survey that should be conducted on the company in hand in order to check if the reorganization is needed or not. The authors also discussed how to conduct a decision-driven structure and what are the steps to be followed chronologically.

Different Thinking Between Generations Essay

Young people usually think differently than older people. Each generation doesn’t think the same way in their values, their goals, their fears, or their hopes. I always have to argue with my parents when we have different thinking. It seems that older people always think negatively about young people’s ideas. They don’t want to change because they have never experienced those ideas in their young life. I sometimes feel uncomfortable and misunderstand my parents’ thinking. In my idea, each generation has their own thinking about the subject as living together without marriage, studying at school, and living style. Older people are very strict about the topic: living together without marriage, but young people think that is the way to find out the best spouse for their life. For example, a woman was punished if she was caught that living with a man who wasn’t her husband. My parents think that is the bad girl. Everybody stayed away from her because she did the worst things ever in the social’ standards. Now is different because I think that is normal. Most of my friends are living with their boy/girl-friends in the same house nowadays. In the modern world, young people are more concentrating on finding their perfect half, so they live together before getting married to know each other well. I heard most couples were getting married with people arranged for them in the past. Now, we have freedom in thinking, so young people want to find their best spouses more than living with the person arranged from their parents. The difference in thinking about this subject always makes me to f eel argumentative with my parents. In the past, older people concentrated on studying at school, but young people don’t think they will successful in future by going to school only. For example, my parents and I always have differences in thinking about my studying. They always want me to finish my college quickly and get good grades to find a good job. I tried to convince them that most companies nowadays require more experience than a degree from college. I know the importance of getting business degree which will give me a shot to apply for a large corporation. If I don’t have any experiences in business, I can’t pass the job interview even I have good grade at school. In my parents’ time, the economy was stable and developed, so most of the companies wanted to hire more people. They cared about quantity more than quality, so they didn’t put many requirements for hiring employers. Now, time changes because the economic is going down to the lowest level. All of the companies are hiring only experienced and skilled employers. That is the reason for me to work and study half and half. My parents don’t realize that and they keep expecting me to finish my study to get a job. That is their only thinking, and we always have a fight every time when my parents talk about this subject, because of the difference in thinking between my parents and me. The biggest difference between young people and older people is living style. My parents and I have different thinking about using money for living. In my parents’ past, my country had a war and has just gotten independence since 1975. Everybody was poor and starveling, my parents worked hard to earn money when they were very young. They learnt that saving money is very important because they needed to survive during the country’s hard time. At my time, the country is developing and the society was improved. People make more money than before, but my parents still keep their own thinking that they should save money as much as they can. When I spend money on shopping, hanging out, or playing games, they blame me that I am wasting money. I explained many times that the country is developing, and my parents should spend more money to enjoy their life. They don’t think that is good idea and keep saying to me that I need to save money. In contrast, each generation has difference in thinking from each other in any subject. My parents always remind me to get a good wife and shouldn’t live with other girls if I don’t plan to marry her. They usually complain me that I should study hard and finish my study, and they often warn me to save money. In my opinion, I think differently because my parents’ thoughts are no longer suitable to the modern world.

A congolmeration of ineffective factions.

A congolmeration of ineffective factions does not sound like a flattering description of what we know today as the Grand Old Party. However, it was the same delicately threaded patchwork quilt of a party that has recently given us our 43rd U.S. president. In its broadest sense the Republican party consists of econmic and social conservatives. You have those more econmic minded who feel that if you work hard and save your money, you will not need the governments assistance in acheieving the American dream. Then, you have those who are more socially minded and feel that it is the responsibility of the government to act as the moral agent for the nation. This is important because, the forces at work in the Republican party today are essentially unchanged since the partys formation over one hundred and fifty years ago. In order to achieve better insight as to where we are today in the Republican party, one must look into the various groups absorbed into the party. At the time of the formation of the Republican Party, the government was basically a two party system consisting of the Democrats and the Whigs. The Republicans became a national party when John Freemont was nominated for president. One can ascertain rather clearly what was going on at the time simply by studying the slogan under which Freemont ran: Free soil, free labor, free speech, free men, Fremont." While the Republicans would go on to lose the election, they did garner 33% of the vote. Four years later Abraham Lincoln would be elected the first Republican president. In considering the issues of these groups, a parallel can be drawn with the issues of the Republican party of today. The main concern of the Free Soil Party was ensuring that the land of the Western territory be free of slave labor so that the small farmers and wage-earners would have the opportunity to compete. Such views can still clearly be seen in the

Eastern Deciduous Forests

Eastern Deciduous Forests Deciduous forests once stretched from New England south to Florida and from the Atlantic Coast west to the Mississippi River. When European settlers arrived and in the New World, they began clearing timber for use as fuel and building materials. Timber was also used in ship making, fence building, and railroad construction. As the decades passed, forests were cleared on an ever-expanding scale to make way for agricultural land use and the development of cities and towns. Today, only fragments of the former forests remain with strongholds along the spine of the Appalachian Mountains and within national parks. The Eastern deciduous forests of North America can be divided into four regions. Northern Hardwoods Forests Northern hardwoods forests include species such as white ash, bigtooth aspen, quaking aspen, American Basswood, American beech, yellow birch, northern white cedar, black cherry, American elm, eastern hemlock, red maple, sugar maple, northern red oak, jack pine, red pine, white pine, red spruce. Central Broad-Leaved Forests Central broad-leaved forests include species such as white ash, American basswood, white basswood, American beech, yellow birch, yellow buckeye, flowering dogwood, American elm, eastern hemlock, bitternut hickory, mockernut hickory, shagbark hickory, black locust, cucumber magnolia, red maple, sugar maple, black oack, blackjack oak, bur oak, chestnut oak, northern red oak, post oak, white oak, common persimmon, white pine, tulip poplar, sweetgum, black tupelo, black walnut. Southern Oak-Pine Forests Southern oak-pine forests include species such as eastern red cedar, flowering dogwood, bitternut hickory, mockernut hickory, shagbark hickory, red maple, black oak, blackjack oak, northern red oak, scarlet oak, southern red oak, water oak, white oak, willow oak, loblolly pine, longleaf pine, sand pine, shortleaf pine, slash pine, Virginia pine, tulip poplar, sweetgum, and black tupelo. Bottomland Hardwood Forests Bottomland hardwood forests include species such as green ash, river birch, yellow buckeye, eastern cottonwood, swamp cottonwood, bald cypress, box elder, bitternut hickory, honey locust, southern magnolia, red maple, silver maple, cherry bark oak, live oak, northern pin oak, overcup oak, swamp chestnut oak, pecan, pond pine, sugarberry, sweetgum, American sycamore, swamp tupelo, water tupelo. The Forests Provides a Habitat for a Variety of Animals The eastern deciduous forests of North America provide habitat for a variety of mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and invertebrates. Some of the mammals found in this region include mice, shrews, woodrats, squirrels, cottontails, bats, martens, armadillos, opossums, beavers, weasels, skunks, foxes, raccoons, black bear, bobcats, and deer. Some of the birds that occur in the eastern deciduous forests include owls, hawks, waterfowl, crows, doves, woodpeckers, warblers, vireos, grosbeaks, tanagers, cardinals, jays, and robins. Ecozones: TerrestrialEcosystem: ForestsRegion: NearcticPrimary Habitat: Temperate ForestsSecondary Habitat: Eastern Deciduous Forests of North AmericaAppalachian National Scenic TrailGreat Smoky MountainsShenandoah

Ethics and Global Climate Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Ethics and Global Climate Change - Essay Example While focusing on the subject of global warming, the question arises whether the developed nations should take the greater burden of combating climate change. Climate change Greenhouse effect Global warming happens when the temperature of the earth’s surface rises. The major contribution towards global warming is the emission of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide into the air. Global warming can cause serious climate change and can be a grave concern for the health of human beings and all other living beings on this earth. The â€Å"greenhouse effect† is considered as the principal cause of climate change. However, the contribution of greenhouse is a controversial issue. Without the effect of the greenhouse, the surface of the earth would have been much colder than the current temperature. This is one reason why greenhouse effect cannot always be considered as a problem. â€Å"The real problem is the enhanced, human-induced, greenhouse effectà ¢â‚¬  (Gardiner, 2004, p.558). Major Impacts The effects of climate change can have vast impact on the biological life on this earth. Some of the impacts that have been observed so far are â€Å"melting of glaciers, changes in Arctic ecosystems, warming of lakes and rivers, effects on agriculture and forestry, sea-level rise and coastal flooding in some areas†. ... This can be done by the use of â€Å"fuel-efficient vehicles† and by constructing â€Å"energy-efficient buildings†. The most important thing is to learn to become adaptive to climate change and also it is necessary to guide the developing countries towards economic development (Winston & Edelbach, 2011, p.363). Responsibilities of the richer nations According to Gardiner the industrial nations are more responsible for the current grave condition regarding climate change. There have been huge emissions of greenhouse gases during industrial revolution in the 19th century for which the industrial nations have played a major role. The burden of costs as a result of the emissions has fallen disproportionately on the developing countries. Gardiner suggests two ways to the solution. First, â€Å"industrialized nations should bear the costs imposed by their past emissions† and second, â€Å"one must characterize the earth’s capacity to absorb man-made emissions of carbon dioxide as a common resource, or sink† (Gardiner, 2004, p.579). Gardiner thinks that the richer nations have made maximum use of the earth’s capacity in the course of industralisation, and therefore the other countries have not been able to get their due share. According to Gardiner, the richer nations are liable to compensate for â€Å"overusing† the earth’s capacity (Gardiner, 2004, pp.579-580). Justifications It has been suggested by some writers that in the past the developed countries were not aware of the consequences of greenhouses gases on global climate and as such they should not be considered responsible. This argument cannot be conclusive if the impact on the poor population has been severe. If the poor countries do not have the resources to defend

Freedom of Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Freedom of Speech - Essay Example The paper aims to refute all arguments against freedom of speech and provides arguments against any restrictions on freedom of speech in certain countries like Canada. Freedom of speech provides people with different views about life, political condition, people, education, society and the whole world. This freedom is not aimed to defame anyone or anything but people provide their deepest thoughts and perceptions about different issues. These varying ideas and opinions provide the uninformed with a wide range of possibilities and sufficient grounds to make their own judgement. Hence freedom of speech, in this context, must remain untied with restrictions and laws. The criticism against freedom of speech is the fact that people may use this right in order to defame other people, develop controversies and negatively change people’s arguments. The criticisers believe that restrictions must be imposed in order to protect people’s privacy and reputation from the abusers of this freedom. The justification to their criticism is the increasing debates over political, social and religious issues. The increasing conflicts and worsening law and order situation provide them with the chance to stand against such freedom. In my opinion, all these arguments are, to a great extent, baseless. Milton describes in Areopagitica two kinds of people: the prudent ones and others who are imprudent. Prudent class of people are able to distinguish between good and bad, reasonable and unreasonable; imprudent, on the other hand, are unaffected by any judgements. In other words, we may say that prudent class has the power to analyze, asses and judge every event, claim or argument; whereas, imprudent do not have their own opinion and they lack the power of expressing and judging. Hence, imprudent remain unaffected by the opinions and expressions of others and prudent accept the claims only if they have any instance of truth in them. Moreover, it is

Fashion - customer service can help in build the loyalty of a brand Essay

Fashion - customer service can help in build the loyalty of a brand - Essay Example The paper "fashion - customer service can help in build the loyalty of a brand" talks about how the customer service can help in build the loyalty of a brand. The luxury fashion retailing sector of Hong Kong is exceptionally well developed hence one of the fashion capitals of Asia. The fast growing expenditure from Chinese tourists has turned Hong Kong into a regional distribution hub for popular designer brands around the world, providing a great variety of high-end fashion brands and luxurious products in the market. With the Chinese tourists continuing to pour in, the product demand is high. Many high-end retailers try to provide extra services to retain their customers. Top brands try to find ways to capitalize on the buying interest of their customers and provide quality customer service due to the limited space. Besides globalization, many prestigious retailers are turning their focus to generating a greater profit from their existing customer base by developing brand loyalty. Such ideas are also backed by a number of researchers. Homburg, Koschate & Hoyer (2005) stated that brands were benefited from brand-loyal customers due to repeated patronage and their tendency to pay premium prices for additional services. The findings of Graner and Sterling (2003) further strengthened the incentive for retailers to develop brand loyalty as they found that retaining 5% more customers would boost profits by 25% to 125%. Quality customer services provided by the business are essential.

Whole Life Cycle Costing Application Barriers Construction Essay

Whole Life Cycle Costing Application Barriers Construction Essay Ellingham and Fawcett (2006, p. 18) indicate that the net present value method for evaluating an investment cashflow was first developed about 50 years ago and is widely used in many spheres. In property and construction projects it has acquired a special name: whole-life costing. In fact, whole-life costing is simply the application of net present value analysis to construction projects. Most people will confused about the term of life-cycle costing, whole life costing, and whole life-cycle costing. As stated in Boussabaine and Kirkham study (2004, p. 4), prior to the 1970s, investment decisions made by most clients, developers and professionals was solely on the basis of capital cost. It appear a thought that spending more in capital cost will realize substantial cost savings in long term compared with a cheaper alternative, which we known as terotechnology. This concept was largely ignored because the lack of available data and collection mechanisms, and it shown that investor had no interest in the subsequent operational cost of the building. In the early 1970s, the term cost-in-use appear in the industry. It was recognized the concept of cost in use could apply to building and critical structures as to calculate the expenditure related to the operation of an asset. However, it also failed to consider the necessity for accurate future cost forecasting. It required some kind of technology to facilitate this problem (Boussabaine and Kirkham, 2004, p. 5). Until the mid to late 1970s, life-cycle costing emerged as a solution to this problem. It fostered a wide-ranging approach to cost appraisal, encompassing all perceivable cost from construction through to eventual disposal the whole life. By using a variety of forecasting techniques, the analyst was able to demonstrate how increase capital cost could be offset by long-term cost savings (Boussabaine and Kirkham, 2004, p. 5). As stated by Ashworth (1989), LCC is clearly a technique, which (at least in theory) has a potential for the correct financial evaluation of construction works. In should be noted that the concepts of LCC are not new. The principles are based upon economic theories, which have been used in investment appraisal in many areas of industrial and commercial activity.White and Ostwald (Korpi and Ala-Risku, 2008, p.241) show that LCC was originally designed for procurement purposes in the US Department of Defence and Woodward (Korpi and Ala-Risku, 2008, p.241) indicates that LCC is used most commonly in the military sector as well as in the construction industry. Towards the late 1990s, the concept of whole life costing and whole life-cycle costing emerged. The terms whole life costing and whole life-cycle costing are interchangeable (Boussabaine and Kirkham, 2004, p. 6). Whole life-cycle costing is a relatively new concept to the construction industry. It is essence an evolution of life-cycle costing techniques that are commonly used in many areas of procurement (Boussabaine and Kirkham, 2004, p. 3). Theoretically speaking, there is no different between LCC, WLC and WLCC. Schade (2007, p. 2), in reporting Flanagan and Jewell study, emphasizes that it is just a change of term form cost in use to life cycle costing and further to whole life cycle costing. Problem Statement According to Boussabaine and Kirkham (2004, p. xi), the construction industry has recently experienced a paradigmatic shift in its approach to product deliver and the achievement of customer satisfaction. Where previously the design and construction teams placed a heavy emphasis on delivering buildings at the lowest capital cost, a greater awareness and desire to consider cost over the whole life of the building have prevailed. Clients now want buildings that demonstrate value for money over the long term, and are not interested simply in the design solution which is the least expensive. These changes have lead to and highlighted the important of whole life-cycle costing approaches to the design, construction and operation of buildings. Schade (2007) claims that, production cost is the main cost factor in construction and is often set to the minimum in commonly, which does not necessarily improve the lifetime performance of buildings. Therefore, it is important to show the construction client in the early design phase the relationship between design choices and the resulting lifetime cost. Boussabaine and Kirkham (2004, p. ix) also note that the award of public construction contracts based on simply the lowest capital cost bid is no longer recognized as good practice; best value must be taken into account and thereby WLCC should be fully appraised as part of the decision making process. The research of Swaffield and McDonald (2007, p. 132) identify that contractors quantity surveyors generally did consider LCC when procuring new products/elements for Private Finance Initiative projects, but in certain circumstances, such as during exceptionally busy times or when working within tight construction budgets, LCC were not considered and procurement decisions for some product/elements were made on the basis of lowest capital cost. As Byron A. Ellis (2007, p.1) said, Designers, engineers and constructors are under pressure from owners to minimize total project cost. Unfortunately, many owners do not understand the concept of total project cost. As a result, they seek to minimize acquisition (first) cost. Economists Alchian and Allen (Byron, 2007, p.1) argue that the term cost should never be used by itself; they noted that it should always be identified with total, average, or marginal. According to Fischer et al (Tah and Aouad, 2007), although the significance of LCC has been recognized as early as 1980s, the current implementation has not been very satisfied due to two major barriers: first barrier is the historical data of building operation and maintenance. Second barrier is the complexity of the procedures and algorithms of calculating the LCC. For example, a building concern thousands of elements and construction method and maintenance activities. A simple change in the building material might take long hours of recalculations, it is therefore difficult to assist users to manipulate the large design and LCC analysis. However, even the idea of WLCC analysis is to help the owner to examine a economically alternative, there will always have the possibility of misleading the decision making by the error result of WLCC due to lack of data or unpredictable changes. There have no such as 100% accuracy for WLCC analysis because the limitation of forecast ability of human being are impossible to forecast everything that could be happen in future. This paper addresses the problems above by providing a detail discussion of WLCC for assisting and simplifying the application of the technique based on the WLCC in construction industry. At the same time reveal the popularity of application of WLCC in Malaysian construction industry. Aim To identified the barriers of applying whole life-cycle costing and investigate the popularity of implementation of whole life-cycle costing in Malaysian construction industry Objectives To review the important of usage of whole life-cycle costing in construction industry. To identify the barriers of application of whole-life cycle costing in construction industry. To analyse the factors affecting the accuracy of whole-life cycle costing. To investigate the popularity of application of whole-life cycle costing in Malaysian construction industry. Scope of Study The concept of Whole life-cycle costing (WLCC) can be use as many sector, to narrow the scope of study, the study will only be focus on the construction industries. Besides that, case study would not conduct to the project for the calculation of WLCC because it will be extremely difficult to obtain the large quantity of information across the long term of a building life cycle and data such as the project operation and maintenance cost, replacement cost, disposal cost could be confidential to its owners. Thus, to manually collect this data has to be very costly and time consuming and the missing of any result above will cause inaccurate of result. This study will focus on reviewing the important of application of WLCC into construction industry. The first issue to be study in deep is the discussion on the principles, advantages and purposes of WLCC analysis. The second issue is to identify the error and the difficulties of applying WLCC due to lack of necessary information and unpred ictable changes. The third issue is to do a research on the understanding of WLCC among owners and their frequency of applying WLCC. Research Methodology The methodology should be targeted at a consistent whole life-cycle costing (WLCC) approach and calculations and should not be aimed at reducing costs but at making more informed and consistent economic, financial and environmental decisions. The study was conducting in four stages. The first phase is the literature review. Second phase will be interview pilot study to the issue. Third phase will be constructing questionnaires. The last phase is to writing the research report. First stage: The literature review started with the important of application of WLCC and required data for a WLCC analysis. Searching of article about WLCC and the searching key words would be whole life-cycle costing, whole cycle costing and life-cycle costing. And the information of search will be limited into construction industry to filtered unnecessary information. The main sources for the literature research were databases, such as Emerald, web of science, Google and library of college Tunku Abdul Rahman. Second stage: Data collection will take form of a structured postal questionnaire. However an initial pilot study may be conducted to test the validity of the questionnaire through interviews with relevant parties. Third stage: Questionnaires will be conduct and send to respondent. The main ideas of the questionnaires are to test the owners of understanding about WLCC, and also research on the preferable of low initial cost or low WLCC when owner make decision of choosing alternatives. The questionnaire should be highlighted more prominently, to make it easier for respondents to participate in the final questionnaire survey. Last stage: This stage involves writing up the content of the dissertation and should cover the chapters proposed in the following section. The result of interview and questionnaires will be analysis and conclude. Example of WLCC analysis will provide by searching through media resources and calculate by myself with simple and reality assumption based on the WLCC principles.

What is the role of the river in The adventures of Huckleberry Finn? :: essays research papers fc

What is the role of the river in The adventures of Huckleberry Finn? The Mississippi river seems to control the form of the story. In Mark Twain’s The adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck’s adventure is affected by the river in three parts; These parts are before the river, on the river and after the river. Huck’s adventure is steered by the river to show that, in any story, the beginning and end are undefined.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before the river, Huck and all of his friends are introduced, and he is in civilization, which Huck despises. Eventually, Huck his to escape. Huck eventually gets to the river, when his real adventure begins. Huck meets Jim on the island where he is hiding for the time being. This is when the river seems to start to influence them. They both decide to go on the raft, and travel down the river, unknowing of what could happen. T.S. Eliot says â€Å"What we call its headwaters is only a selection from among the innumerable sources which flow together to compose it† (154.) This beginning of the story starts in the middle, which reflects the river; One does not see the beginning of the river, only all of its sources moving together. Huck’s story is just like this. The story also develops and progresses while on the river.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Huck and Jim continue on the river as it guides them and forms the story. The river â€Å"cannot tolerate any design, to a story which is its story, that might interfere with its nce. Things must merely happen, here and there, to the people who live along its shores or commit themselves to its current† (154). The river surely seems to do this in Huck’s adventure, casting them into unsuspected adventures, introducing them to odd new people. Huck and Jim also come across problems that they need to figure out on the fly, problems that seemingly come from nowhere. The river also seems a sanctuary to Huck and Jim. These things are undefined especially because they seem random, or unpredictable. Of course, the river has these paths that it steers Huck and Jim on, and they accept them and go with the flow, no pun intended. Huck and Jim also finish the story with something that doesn’t seem to end their story- merely a continuation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A continuation, like the river always displays because â€Å"at the end it merely disappears among its deltas: it is no longer there, but it is still where it was, hundreds of miles to the North† (154).

Ida’s Impairment

1) (1) The U. S. GAAP section 360-10-35-21 states â€Å"A long-lived asset (asset group) shall be tested for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that its carrying amount may not be recoverable†. An example of an event like this is a significant decrease in the market price of a long-lived asset. As stated in the case, one of Ida’s competitors sold its extremely comparable commercial building for an amount significantly less than its asking price.Since these assets are very similar in comparison, this significantly less price for the competitor’s building is an example of a decrease in the market price of Ida’s commercial building. Therefore under the U. S. GAAP, Ida needs to test the U. S. commercial building for recoverability. (2) Under IAS 36. 12, there are certain external factors that lead you to want to test for recovery such as a decline in market value. The sale of the building across the street is an example of one of those external factors.IAS 36. 6 explains impairment and how to record impairment. Under IFRSs IAS 36. 66, the recoverable amount of cash-generating units (CGUs) should be determined for the individual asset. Therefore, a recoverability test must be done. 2) As of U. S. GAAP 360-10-35-17, when reporting to its U. S. based lender as of December 31, 2010, Ida should record $600 for impairment on the U. S. commercial building. Under GAAP, one must compare the fair value to the carrying amount.Since the fair market value is $3,900 and the carrying amount is $4,500, impairment is calculated as the difference $600. *All dollars in thousands (U. S. GAAP 360-10-35-17) 3) Under IAS 36. 6, when reporting to its parent as of December 31, 2010, Ida should record $500 for impairment on the U. S. commercial building. The recoverable amount for the commercial building is $4,000. The carrying amount is $4,500. Since the carrying amount is greater than the recoverable, the impairment is the diffe rence. *All dollars in thousands (IAS 36. 6)

Concept Comparison and Analysis Across Theory Essay

Nursing has evolved into a science. Like other scientific disciplines, the practice of nursing is guided by nursing theories. According to Julia George, â€Å"practice is based on the theories of the discipline that are validated through research† (George, 2011, p. 7). The major shift in theoretical thinking in nursing is said to occur in the 1960s when the focus in nursing shifted from simple problem/need and functional role, to the relationship between nurse and patient (George, 2011, p. 10). The aim of this paper is two-fold: First, I will compare and analyze the concept definition of care (caring) across Dorothea Orem’s self-care theory and Madeleine Leininger’s theory of culture care theory. Second, I will present the concept statement, metaparadigms, philosophies, and conceptual model of Dorothy Orem’s self-care theory and discuss where and how Orem’s self-care theory can be applied to nursing. I will explore the major concepts and assumptions of Dorothea Orem’s self-care theory and Madeleine Leininger’s culture care theory, and compare and analyze the two theories in terms of the similarities and differences. The concept of care (caring) is a core concept common to many nursing theories. Boykin and Schoenhofer in presenting their theory of Nursing as Caring maintain that caring is the moral imperative for nursing (see George, 2011, p. 11). Dorothea Orem’s self-care theory and Madeleine Leininger’s culture care theory both focus on patient care. I can easily identify with both theories. As a practicing nurse, my personal philosophy is that nursing is about caring; this apart, Orem’s and Leininger’s theories are not as abstract as some of the theories. Both theories can therefore be still be used by the nurses who are not in academia to guide and improve their practice. Orem’s theory focuses on the key concept of self-care. According to Orem’s theory, every individual adult has the capacity for self-care. â€Å"Self-care implies that when they are able, individuals care for themselves. When the person is unable to care for himself, the nurse provides the assistance needed. For children nursing care is needed when the parents or guardians are unable to provide the amount and quality of care needed† (George, 2011, p. 114). I find Orem’s theory to be logical. There are certain situations when one is ill and does not require a nurse. For example, most people do not immediately go to the hospital with the common cold. In this case they take care of themselves. When a health problem arises for which â€Å"self-care† is insufficient to take care of the situation, one has to seek the attention of the â€Å"nurse† who compensates for this deficit. According to Orem, a nurse is needed when someone needs nursing care because of inability to care for oneself. The environment is to foster and maintain nurse therapeutic relationship between nurses and patients, to determine when someone needs help or assistance, attention to patient response, giving direct aid to individuals and families and collaboration with other health professionals. The â€Å"nurse† according to Orem can be a parent or another human, family or community, not necessarily a health care nurse. As outlined in her theory, there are three interrelated actions or measures used to provide self-care. The first is the Universal self-care requisites; this is self-care that is holistic and includes the need oxygen, water, food, elimination, activity, and rest, to prevent trauma and other necessities of life. The second type is the developmental self-care requisites; this is self-care that should be undertaken in accordance with human growth and development. The third type is the health deviation self-care requisites; this self-care carried out because of health problem or disease prevention and health promotion (George, 2011, p. 116). Orem’s concept of â€Å"self-care† theory seems to have a universal appeal. In a sense one can say that Orem is not just referring to individuals who are sick. For example, new-born babies need nursing care not necessarily because they are sick but because they are unable to â€Å"self-care† for themselves and the parents typically might not be able to provide the quality of specialized care needed at birth; nursing care is therefore needed for the first couple of days and then the parents can take over the care until the child becomes a self-caring individual. Orem defines nursing as â€Å"the provision of self-care which is therapeutic in sustaining life and health, in recovering from disease or injury, or coping with their effects† http://www.faculty.ucc.edu/nursing-gervase/orem. Madeleine Leininger, like Orem, sees the importance of the element of caring in the profession of nursing. As Leininger puts it, â€Å"care (caring) is essential to curing and healing, for there can be no curing without caring† http://www.Madeleine-leininger.com. The term †transcultural nursing† is used to refer to humanistic and scientific knowledge and practices that focus on assisting individuals, families and communities to maintain or regain health and to deal with disability, dying or other human conditions in a culturally respectful and beneficial manner http://www.Madeleine-leininger.com. Leininger’s theory of transcultural care theory is derived from the disciplines of (cultural) anthropology. Key concepts in this theory include cultural diversity (the differences between and among the various cultures) and cultural universality (the common elements or similarities found in various cultures). While she was working as a nurse, in a child guidance home Leininger observed recurrent behavioral differences and eventually concluded that the differences had a cultural base (George, 2011, p. 405). Leininger’s cultural care theory aims to provide culturally congruent nursing care through â€Å"cognitively based assistive, supportive, facilitative, or enabling acts or decisions that are mostly tailor-made to fit with individual’s, group’s, or institution’s cultural values, beliefs, and lifeways† (Leininger, M. (1995). Transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, research and Practices. New York: McGraw Hill, Inc., p. 75). Leininger uses the four nursing metaparadigm differently in her theory. For example, she uses the concept to refer to families and groups or communities; health is not limited to nursing. Leininger’s Culture Care Theory views nursing as a transcultural, humanistic and scientific care discipline and profession with the central purpose to serve human beings worldwide. â€Å"Whereas it is important to look at a patient as a whole person from a physiological, psychological, spiritual, and social perspective, it is also important to take a patient’s culture and cultural background into consideration when deciding how to care for that patient. For example there should be no when attending to people from other minority cultures such as gay, lesbians, and trans-gender individuals. Nurses, when using this theory, can recognize and understand cultural similarities and differences to influence the person’s health status. In essence the theory assumes that nurses who understand, value, and practice culturally competent nursing care are more effective and capable of achieving positive outcomes in the healthcare of their patients. The theory assumes that culturally nursing care will occur when the patient’s beliefs and value systems are carefully incorporated the patient’s nursing care plan. From the above outline of Madeleine Leininger’s culture care theory and Dorothea Orem’s self-care theory one can see that both theories see (patient) care as the central focus of nursing. Both theories are very practical; one can even describe them as â€Å"empirical.† The two theories do differ in one very important focus: Leininger focuses on culture to influence health, whereas Orem focuses on the self (self-care) to keep the body healthy and functioning. It is evident that both theories have undergone some significant revisions over time. In this section, I will shift the focus of the discussion of where and how Leininger’s cultural care theory may be best applied to nursing practice. The Transcultural theory considers the component of culture as an important factor that needs to be included when planning the care of the patient. For family assessment, the theory can serve as basis and guide in evaluating the different factors that need to be assessed in the family. In application of transcultural theory in family assessment there are three points that need to be considered. First, the nursing care should incorporate the cultural backgrounds of the family by appropriately doing culture and background interview to the family Second, the family nurse should incorporate the inquiry on health beliefs, heath patterns, and practiced superstitions and beliefs that propose significance to the health condition of the family. Finally, the nurse needs to incorporate the most suited interventions that called for by the clients for care modalities and health care interventions (e.g. hospital, clinician, family, herbalist, etc. The use of transcultural theory in family assessment further enhances the nursing care being administered to the patient http://www.Madeleine-leininger.com. In terms of application, one can see certainly where exercising cultural sensitivity as advocated by the culture care theory would lead to better rendering of healthcare and faster recovery. The theory raises a number of serious questions. For example, how does one handle emergency situations? Giving the current nurse-patient ratios in hospitals and the vast array of cultures that nurses are likely to encounter, especially in a county hospital like the one in which I work? This apart, communication and language is a hallmark of any culture; does Leininger culture care theory implies that nurses should begin to attempt to render service to patients in the patient’s native language? These are questions that we might not have answers for at this point. Here is where philanthropic organizations like Sigma Theta Tau International (STTI) and the Joanna Briggs Institute can continue to support further research into nursing theory and health education that would help bridge the gap between nursing research and clinical practice. REFERENCES: Leininger M. (1991). Culture care diversity and universality: A theory of nursing. New York: National League for Nursing Press. George, Julia B. (2011). Nursing theories: The base of professional nursing practice 6th edition. Pearson Education, Inc. Leninger M, McFarland M. Transcultural Nursing: Concepts, Theory, Research, and Practice; 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill Professional; New York, 2002. Websites: http://www.Madeleine-leininger.com. http://www.faculty.ucc.edu/nursing-gervase/orem. http://www.joannabriggs.org http://www.nursingsociety.org http://www.faculty.ucc.edu/nursing-gervase/orem

Marketing audit of Cambridge Elite Soccer School The WritePass Journal

Marketing audit of Cambridge Elite Soccer School Introduction Marketing audit of Cambridge Elite Soccer School Introduction Cambridge Elite Soccer SchoolCambridge Elite Soccer School’s objectives and mission The External and Competitive EnvironmentCustomers and products  Recommendations  ConclusionReferences Appendix Related Introduction Marketing refers to the process of management through which goods and services move from being a concept on to the consumer, a process which broadly consists of the identification, selection and development of a product, pricing, distribution and its promotion (Gladden 2005). Sport marketing therefore involves the application of these processes in the development of sport products to enhance their consumption on the one hand, and the use of the attraction of sport of an audience to market other varied goods and services (Matthew 2005). Sport marketing is therefore broadly defined as the anticipation of consumer wants and needs, and its management and satisfaction through the application of principles and practices of marketing. This is inclusive of the marketing through sport facet which entails the use of sport as a promotional vehicle, a sponsorship platform for companies marketing consumer or industrial products (Blann 2003). This report is formulated to serve as a marketing audit of the Cambridge Elite Soccer School in which I have recently worked in as an Administration Assistant, doubling up as a Brand assistant for its Brand management team. It seeks to create some understanding of ways in which the School applies marketing concepts in its area of performance and specialty (and generally in the sports sector), its strategies in this endeavor and possible avenues for improvement. The structure of the report entails an introduction to the Cambridge Elite Soccer School and description of its history and achievements in its line of business, its objectives and mission. Further, the report delves into a description of the competitive environment in this sports sector and the factors affecting the organization’s business success broadly categorized under political, economic, social and technological spheres. It also delves into a description of its customers and products covering individual details of members and various other participants, an overview of their involvement. Finally, the report gives recommendations deemed appropriate to the School, developed from the marketing audit. Cambridge Elite Soccer School Located in the Neale-Wade Community College, Wimblington Road, March, Cambridgeshire Elite Soccer School is a growing organization that offers top quality coaching to enthusiastic football players in the under 14/15 (U14/U15) category throughout Cambridgeshire. The School has been developed to give these young, high standard and able players an opportunity to enhance their skills further. This is enabled by its highly qualified coaches with extensive experience in the football sector. The School started out in 2009 with its main aim being to educate this category of players in all aspects of training towards professionalism, providing the right environment so as to maximize their chances of success. It seeks to offer useful advice, good facilities, and appropriate football knowledge along with lots of valuable experience imparted by its resident coaches having many years’ experience in the football sector. These coaches are certified, all qualified to a minimum of FA level 2 and include three coaches and one goalkeeper coach and one among them has a Degree in Sports Science and Coaching. The primary aim of the school is to educate its players in all requisite aspects towards professionalism so as to maximize their chances of future success. Selection for training is done over a four week trial period and those that succeed are then taken through continuous training at the school in a professional development scheme by the excellent and FA qualified coaches. The school is deliberately designed to improve both physical and mental performance, creating the right environment to back such an endeavor. For the players’ success, a favorable environment has been sought and the schools facilities, mostly provided by the Neale Wade Community College include an ‘astro’ training pitch, two classrooms, boarding facilities that enable weekend stays during intensive training, entertainment and dining areas enjoined to a modern kitchen. For major events that the school seeks to engage more in, to enhance its presence and create better awareness, the management has sought the use of the local stadium so as to enable attendance of large crowds. The school also has a van that enables the transportation of students to various locations for training or for events. The school’s marketing orientation consists of a focus on the application of marketing principles including the anticipation, management and satisfaction of consumer’s wants and needs. The school identifies its consumers to include the young football players and their immediate families as its dominant target market and the consumer base is expanded to include their families and the local community in general. Also included in the consumer base though secondary are the spectators in the various events, and finally the major teams that consume the school’s product, the trained professional players. To identify and manage the needs and wants of the various stakeholders requires a well-defined strategic approach is required and especially since the school’s main product entails the offer of services in training and development of young players for the club market. In summary, the marketing program that the school engages in involves the creation of a marketing mix that is focused on the dominant target market (the young boys and their immediate families making the decision to enroll in the school so as to foster professional development, as well as the local loyal fan base that can influence such decisions). Its marketing strategy includes the use of traditional broadcast media of TV and radio carrying paid advertisements, extensive signage locally, and print media (newspapers, magazines and brochures). These tools are used to communicate to consumers and thus create an enhanced awareness of the schools events. The school is also seeking to enhance its online presence to serve as a marketing platform so as to enhance its reach limited by the reach of the various media already employed. The internet has grown faster in recent years than the other forms of electronic technology. It offers a new economic opportunity for business through commerce and trade based on the web (Howard 2000). It provides access to a desirable target market and is not limited by distance as the other promotional campaigns can be and therefore presence online can be justified as an effective tool to reach potential markets. It gives fans and other interested parties an opportunity to access information on the schoo l and its events via the internet (Griffin 1996). Cambridge Elite Soccer School’s objectives and mission Objective  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To train the young, high quality players to professionalism and to enable them to realize their football dreams.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The primary aim of the school is to educate its players in all requisite aspects towards professionalism so as to maximize their chances of future success. Mission  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To be a high class development and training school for the soccer sector with an output of all rounded high capacity junior players. The External and Competitive Environment A marketing audit consists of a review of a companys marketing planning, organizational and control processes and their results, looking at the framework for action as well as its performance and potential (Gladden 2005). This report is a horizontal audit of CESS examining the schools mission, its markets, sustainable competitive advantage, marketing plans, coordination of marketing mix, among other critical factors. It is necessary for an organization to consider its environment continuously as it follows through in its strategic path, and this should feed all aspects of planning (Brian 2000). The School’s marketing environment is made up of three levels; its internal environment which include its members of staff and management, technology and finance; its micro-environment which include the   customers, agents and distributors, suppliers and competitors, etc.; and its macro-environment which includes the political (and legal) forces, economic forces, socio-cultural forces and technological forces (the PEST factors). Several factors influence the strategies adopted by the school in its marketing and overall business approaches. Political factors include the influence of events in the political arena upon the regulation of businesses such as the school, and the spending power of the population that constitute consumers of the schools products. With a stable political environment and favorable government policy that influences laws surrounding business, the school is well placed to benefit from its positive influence. The success of the soccer sector in the UK has been beneficial in bringing about the enhancement of goodwill and appreciation of government of all aspects related to football. The governments policy on the economy including the taxation of clubs and sport schools are indicative of its desire to enable the successful realization of objectives in the sport sector and especially football. Economic factors entail a consideration of the economy of the state regarding both the short term and the long term. These include factors such as interest rates, inflation levels and the long term prospects of the economy (pointers to continued performance) with focus on details such as the Gross Domestic product per capita. The challenging economic recession has been a major factor that has negatively affected the business of the Cambridge Elite Soccer School, with its effect upon the disposable incomes of the families in the region that forms the dominant target market for the school and consumer of its products. Socio-cultural factors include factors such as attitudes, leisure times for consumers, life expectancy of the population, and wealth levels among other factors. The school benefits from positive influences of the socio-cultural factors such as the availability of leisure times for the players and their families over the weekend enables the success of such training endeavors. Overall wealth of the population is beneficial to the schools business success and strategy as it enables availability of enhanced disposable incomes that can be utilized in such ventures as paying for the enrolment in the school. The general attitude of the population towards the game and all its affiliated programs and events is also positive and this enables the school to enjoy goodwill and support from the community in many of its events and activities if they are well planned and inclusive. Technology is vital for competitive advantage and in these modern times of the internet, also serves as a major driver for the enhancement of business processes and efficiency. The internet offers a cheaper advertising platform and a direct communication channel with consumers which also allows for the reception of feedback real-time. Other processes such as ticketing, enrolment, bookings and sale of the schools branded items which were hitherto a challenge to see through have been made easier with the employment of the internet avenues. The effective use of the internet by the school for all the above-mentioned processes has however been limited through a lack of consistency in the integration of these processes to benefit from the overall efficiency. The school mainly uses its online presence for communication with consumers and has recently sought to create content for advertising. There still untapped capacity on this platform and it is evidently an area that can enable greater i mprovement in the marketing potential of the school. Competition for the school features both locally and further afield from similar training clubs and schools. Presently, the school’s management focuses on local competition within Cambridgeshire offered by several football clubs featuring programs for a similar age bracket, and soccer training schools. Among the major competitors are; Wisbech St. Mary Football Club, Stukeley Meadows Youth Football Club, Hampton Football Club, and Tony Russell Soccer School among many others. These clubs and organizations are both direct and indirect competitors in the school’s line of business and the school’s management has endeavored to create strategy to enable its differentiation from its competitors through its offer of unique services and competitive pricing. Its unique services include mid week training sessions and the creation of events that involve the participation of the youth and their families. Opportunities are created for the trained youth to play in trials before pro and semi-pro club scouts and give support to them every step of the way, an offer of a comprehensive training program integrated with other activities while the other business competitors focus on playing league games in their claim to offer training. Its indirect competitors include the in-house training programs of the major league clubs’ pro academies though these have limited and difficult to obtain available spaces and are often the preserve of the intensely talented individuals. The challenge offered by these is therefore minimal as there is a major gap in coaching that can only be offered by academies at the grassroots level. This challenge is therefore not a major factor in CESS’ strategic planning and implementation. Customers and products The products offered at the school include professional soccer training of the under14/15 youth so as to enhance their chances of success in pro football and to enable them to increase their capacity to look for professional opportunities playing for the major league clubs. Also included in its product offerings are minor league games and weekend fixtures that have gained in following to become an appreciable income earner for the club. The club also benefits from sales of merchandise including branded apparel, equipment and souvenirs which are part of recent developments brought up during my time of placement. The school’s customers include the young players enrolled in the training programs of the school, their families, spectators that attend the school’s events and fixtures, and the local population as well as people from further afield who purchase merchandise from the school. To gauge the participation of several of these groups of participants, several hundred participants and stakeholders including spectators, parents and members of the general population were selected and questionnaires were administered to them to gain useful information on the marketing success of the school, the general awareness of the schools activities and the services that it provides, as well as their willingness and desire to participate and to attend the school’s events and fixtures. The survey entailed a self-administered survey with questionnaires distributed through mail to several homes in the locality and email to homes further away. This was attained through stratified sampling to select subjects which divides a population into groups from which random samples are chosen. Instrument used for data collection was a survey questionnaire which sought to detail the identification details of those sampled including their locality, their involvement with the school and its activities, how and when they got to learn about the school, their willingness and desire to participate in future events organized by the school’s management. They were also asked to rate the school’s performance on several fronts including its capacity thus far to create awareness of its activities and capacity. The results (collated) are presented in the appendices section of this report. In the results obtained, 70% of the respondents (a total of 410 respondents) confirmed having participated in the school’s events and activities ranging from being spectators at fixtures and league games, to in-house participatory games and even bringing young family members to enroll at the school. Of these, 45% confirmed having participated for two and a half years of the schools three and a half year existence, which characterizes the school’s success at its marketing endeavors early in its life and a capacity to retain its customer base and clientele over this time. 80% of the respondents were willing to participate in the school’s events going forward and the school generally received a high rating at an average of 6.2 points in a scale of 1 to 10. These results are telling of the school’s high capacity at managing its marketing process and creating a loyal fan base.   Recommendations To further enhance its marketing capacity and reach, the School’s management needs to develop strategies including competitive pricing that would enable greater reach. This would enable the school match up to its competitor offers while offering differentiation in training and development. It is also essential that the school tackles the lack of consistency or integration in its marketing initiatives. There is therefore need to do an extensive and comprehensive audit to inform planning for such an endeavor and creation of a workable and effective strategy towards that end. Appropriate Sponsorship programs should also be sought and developed to benefit both the development and financial standing of the school, as well as individual players in their professional development (Barrand 2005). Sponsorships could come from local companies that would like to affiliate so as to benefit the school as well as gain from the school’s target market and marketing potential. Other sponsors can be sought from the manufacturers of sports apparel and equipment, who can help kit the school and offer its branded merchandise at discounted rates to the school’s growing membership and following. They in turn can gain from the marketing platform and mutually with the school from proceeds from sales. The school should also leverage on its earlier products (the high capacity and successful players who have managed to gain entry into professional football and fame) and their success. These individuals can be engaged in advertisements and the enhancement of awareness of the school’s capacity and ability to bring forth desired success (Fullerton 2007). They can also feature in events of the school providing acknowledgement of the school’s capacity and also to motivate the trainees in camp. The school should focus more of its marketing effort on the enhancement of the online platform and its development for extended usage such as in the communication with its consumers and their feedback, enrolment, advertising, and general trade including sale of tickets for events and the school’s branded promotional items and apparel. This is essentially because the Internet is fast becoming a point of convergence for all media and a platform for socialization on a global scale (Howard 2000).   Conclusion This report consists of a marketing audit that I conducted during my placement at the Cambridge Elite Soccer School as an Administrative assistant and doubling up as a Brand assistant. The report has in summary described Cambridge Elite Soccer School (CESS), its history and achievements in its line of business, its objectives and mission. The report has further described its marketing approach as well as discussed its strategic approach and the various external/environmental factors that have influenced it in its line of business. Added to this, its standing compared to its direct and indirect competitors has been described detailing its relative success at a differentiation strategy. The report then gives the result of a study done through the administration of questionnaires which shows success in the schools marketing in its early life and which serves as impetus to the schools management team to find strategies, ways and means of enhancing its potential in marketing. The report finally gives recommendations on the areas of potential improvement and enhancement. References Barrand, D., 2005. Why brands are banking on sport. Promotions Incentives, 13-14 Blann, F., and K.,   Armstrong, 2003. â€Å"Sport marketing.† In:   J. Parks J. Quarterman (Eds), Contemporary Sport management (2nd edition). Champaign, JL: Human Kinetics. Brian, T., and B., Michael, 2000. The Match-Up Hypothesis: Physical Attractiveness, Expertise, and the Role of Fit on Brand Attitude, Purchase Intent and Brand Beliefs. In: Journal of Advertising 3, pp1 – 13. Fullerton, S., 2007. Sports marketing. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Gladden, J., and W., Sutton, 2005. â€Å"Marketing principles applied to sport management.† In: L. MasteraJexis, C. Barr, M. Huns (Eds), Principles and practice of sport management. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Griffin, J., 1996. The Internets expanding role in building customer loyalty. Direct Marketing, 59(9), 46-50 Howard, D., and R., Burton, 2000. The Internets role in shaping the future of sport. Paper presented at the Third International Sport Management Alliance Conference, Sydney, Australia. Matthew, S., 2005. Sport Marketing. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall Appendix CESS – Cambridge Elite Soccer School. Results collated from questionnaires administered Number of respondents – 410 (both email and post) 70% (287 respondents) confirmed participation in the school’s events and activities ranging from being spectators at fixtures and league games, to in-house participatory games and even bringing young family members to enroll at the school. 45% of the respondents above (129 respondents) confirmed having participated for two and a half years of the schools three and a half year existence. 80% (328 of the 410 respondents) were willing to participate in the school’s events going forward. The school received a high rating at an average of 6.2 points in a scale of 1 to 10. Most of the respondents were from the locality of Cambridge at 89 %. The rest were spread out in the environs.